Category: College Football

Kickoff: Saturday, September 5 at 11:00 AM CT
Location: Milan Puskar Stadium
TV: TNT
DraftKings line (Aug. 30): WVU -21.5
Over/under: 56.5

The setup

Ryan Beard’s first game at Coastal comes with Coastal as the 21.5-point underdog. The result matters, but so does whether the new identity is visible immediately. West Virginia won the last matchup 31-0 in 2010.

What I’m watching

Something has to give when Coastal has the ball. Its offense ranked No. 111 nationally, but West Virginia’s defense was only No. 119. One struggling unit gets a chance to look much better in Week 1.

Personnel snapshot

• Coastal: Ryan Beard enters Year 1 as head coach. 5 starters return—1 on offense and 4 on defense. That defense allowed 443.8 yards and 33.1 points per game last season.
• Coastal quarterback: Deuce Bailey is projected to start for Coastal. Last season at Missouri St, he threw for 335 yards, 2 TD and 0 INT.
• West Virginia: Rich Rodriguez enters Year 2 as head coach. 3 starters return—3 on offense and 0 on defense. Key offensive linemen back include Nick Krahe and Landen Livingston. That offense averaged 349.5 yards and 21.8 points per game last season.
• West Virginia quarterback: Michael Hawkins Jr. is projected to start for West Virginia. Last season at Oklahoma, he threw for 167 yards, 3 TD and 0 INT.

How the game is decided

The winner is probably the team that makes fewer bad situations worse. A modest run game and a quarterback willing to take the easy throw may matter more than highlight plays.

Prediction

I make my final predictions on TikTok, YouTube, Instagram and Facebook at @uthinkuknowsports.

 

Full disclosure: I use AI tools to format my research into an article encompassing all of the information.

Kickoff: Friday, September 4 at 8:00 PM CT
Location: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
TV: FOX
DraftKings line (Aug. 30): USC -23.5
Over/under: 51.5

The setup

By the end of Friday night, USC will have played twice before 65% of the FBS has played once. The Trojans are speed-running September while Fresno State opens its season.

What I’m watching

This is the cleanest strength-on-strength part of the game. USC finished No. 4 nationally at 7.4 yards each time it snapped the ball; Fresno St was No. 24 at stopping offenses, allowing 5.3. Those units return 9 offensive starters and 7 defensive starters, so both old rankings still carry weight. Whichever side still looks like its 2025 version probably controls the game.

Personnel snapshot

• Fresno St: Matt Entz enters Year 2 as head coach. 13 starters return—6 on offense and 7 on defense. Key defenders back include Jahzon Jacks, Deijon Laffitte, and Martin Owusu. That defense allowed 285.7 yards and 21.2 points per game last season.
• Fresno St quarterback: Khristian Martin is projected to start for Fresno St. Last season at Maryland, he threw for 105 yards, 1 TD and 0 INT.
• USC: Lincoln Riley enters Year 5 as head coach. 15 starters return—9 on offense and 6 on defense. Key offensive linemen back include Alani Noa, Kilian O'Connor, and Elijah Paige. That offense averaged 465.5 yards and 44.2 points per game last season.
• USC quarterback: Jayden Maiava returns as USC's starting quarterback. Last season, he threw for 3,431 yards, 23 TD and 8 INT.

Three quick analysis points

• The youth movement: USC started five true freshmen against San Jose State and played 20. Fresno State is not getting the nervous first snap from that youth movement; it is getting a freshman class with a full game's rehearsal.
• The scoring trend: USC converted 9 of 13 third downs and produced five touchdown drives of at least 74 yards in its opener. Fresno State counters with a defense that allowed only 18.8 points and 285.7 yards per game last year and intercepted 20 passes.
• The quarterback angle: Jayden Maiava completed 25 of 29 passes, including 14 straight, and produced three touchdowns in Week 0. He now owns 5,198 USC passing yards; Fresno State's opener begins against a quarterback already in midseason rhythm.

How the game is decided

First down decides it. If USC stays on schedule, its quarterback gets the full playbook; if Fresno St creates second-and-long, the defense can dictate the next two snaps. One or two third downs may tell us which returning unit is actually as good as last year's ranking.

Prediction

I make my final predictions on TikTok, YouTube, Instagram and Facebook at @uthinkuknowsports.

Full disclosure: I use AI tools to format my research into an article encompassing all of the information.

Kickoff: Friday, September 4 at 8:00 PM CT
Location: Stanford Stadium
TV: ESPN
DraftKings line (Aug. 30): MIA -24.5
Over/under: 47.5

The setup

Stanford already has a 37-27 win and 483 yards without a turnover. That was its first turnover-free regulation victory since 2017. But can the Cardinal keep it going against the ACC favorites? Miami may show some week 1 rust, especially when you consider the Hurricanes have to travel all the way to California.

What I’m watching

The biggest test is whether Stanford can move the ball without living in third-and-long. That offense ranked No. 124 nationally at 5.1 yards each time it snapped the ball; Miami’s defense ranked No. 25 and allowed only 5.4. 5 starters from that offensive unit return. 7 starters from that defensive unit are back, so the old ranking still matters. That is the matchup most likely to tilt field position.

Personnel snapshot

• Miami: Mario Cristobal enters Year 5 as head coach. 10 starters return—3 on offense and 7 on defense. Key defenders back include Justin Scott, Ahmad Moten Sr., and Mohamed Toure. That defense allowed 294.1 yards and 14.8 points per game last season.
• Miami quarterback: Darian Mensah is projected to start for Miami. Last season at Duke, he threw for 3,646 yards, 30 TD and 5 INT.
• Stanford: Tavita Pritchard enters Year 1 as head coach. 12 starters return—5 on offense and 7 on defense. Key defenders back include Ernest Cooper, Jahsiah Galvan, and Matt Rose. That defense allowed 408.2 yards and 32.0 points per game last season.
• Stanford quarterback: Stanford has named Davis Warren its starter. He had over 300 yards in last week’s win over Hawaii.

Three quick analysis points

• The scoring trend: Micah Ford ran for 99 yards and three scores last week vs Hawaii, the first Stanford back with at least 90 and three touchdowns since Bryce Love in 2017. Miami’s defense gets a live, modern version of an old Cardinal formula.
• The turnover test: Davis Warren threw for 310 yards, one touchdown and no turnovers – Stanford’s first season-opening 300-yard, turnover-free quarterback game since Andrew Luck in 2010. The new starter already owns a very Stanford comparison.
• The pressure point: Miami beat Stanford 42-7 last year, but the Cardinal scored first before the game split open. Stanford now brings an extra game of rhythm; Miami brings last year’s No. 1-rated pass rush against a line that graded 128th in pass protection.

How the game is decided

Stanford needs Miami’s help to stick around in this one. Will the Hurricanes be rusty in week 1 after making the three time zone trip to Palo Alto?

Prediction

I make my final predictions on TikTok, YouTube, Instagram and Facebook at @uthinkuknowsports.

 

Full disclosure: I use AI tools to format my research into an article encompassing all of the information.

Kickoff: Friday, September 4 at 7:00 PM CT
Location: Memorial Stadium (Norman, OK)
TV: SECN+
DraftKings line (Aug. 30): OU -41.5
Over/under: 50.5

The setup

Oklahoma is expected to win comfortably as a 41.5-point favorite. A win is expected; how quickly it takes control may tell us more about what comes next. Since 2004, Oklahoma leads 3-0 in 3 meetings; Oklahoma has won 3 straight in the series. OU won the last meeting 45-13 in 2022.

What I’m watching

The biggest test is whether UTEP can move the ball without living in third-and-long. That offense ranked No. 115 nationally at 5.3 yards each time it snapped the ball; Oklahoma’s defense ranked No. 5 and allowed only 4.9. UTEP doesn’t return any starters on offense, while Oklahoma returns 6 starters on defense.

Personnel snapshot

• UTEP: Scotty Walden enters Year 3 as head coach. 4 starters return—0 on offense and 4 on defense. Key defenders back include Ashton Coker, Justin Content, and Xavier Smith. That defense allowed 391.3 yards and 33.3 points per game last season.
• UTEP quarterback: EJ Colson is projected to start for UTEP. Last season at Incarnate Word, he threw for 2,142 yards, 16 TD and 4 INT.
• Oklahoma: Brent Venables enters Year 5 as head coach. 14 starters return—8 on offense and 6 on defense. Key offensive linemen back include Michael Fasusi, Ryan Fodje, and Jake Maikkula. That offense averaged 354.3 yards and 31.2 points per game last season.
• Oklahoma quarterback: John Mateer returns as Oklahoma’s starting quarterback. Last season, he threw for 2,578 yards, 12 TD and 10 INT.

Three quick analysis points

• Oklahoma should have time to throw: PFF graded Oklahoma’s pass blocking No. 11 among 136 FBS teams last season; UTEP’s pass rush ranked No. 119. That points to a cleaner pocket than UTEP can afford to give up. Oklahoma also kept the same head coach and offensive coordinator, with 8 offensive starters back. UTEP kept the same head coach and returns 4 defensive starters.
• UTEP’s toughest run game test: UTEP averaged 4.14 yards per rush play, No. 126 nationally. Oklahoma’s defense allowed 3.53 yards per rush play, No. 2 nationally. That puts a proven Oklahoma strength directly against one of UTEP’s biggest 2025 problems. UTEP changed its offensive leadership and returns 0 starters on that side, so last year’s number is a warning or opportunity—not a guarantee.
• Making the jump from FCS to FBS: EJ Colson, a transfer from Incarnate Word, is expected to make his first start for UTEP after playing at the FCS level. Last year he threw for 2,142 yards, 16 TD and 4 INT; 1.4% of his throws were picked off. Oklahoma returns 6 defensive starters and led the FBS with 3.46 sacks per game, finishing with 45. UTEP returns no listed starting offensive linemen, making protection the immediate question.

How the game is decided

UTEP needs easy offense: a short field, a quarterback run or a quick pass that breaks a tackle. If Oklahoma makes every drive travel the full field, its advantage should grow with each obvious passing down.

Prediction

I make my final predictions on TikTok, YouTube, Instagram and Facebook at @uthinkuknowsports.

 

Full disclosure: I use AI tools to format my research into an article encompassing all of the information.

Kickoff: Friday, September 4 at 7:00 PM CT
Location: Spartan Stadium
TV: FS1
DraftKings line (Aug. 30): MSU -10
Over/under: 49.5

The setup

This is a rematch 101 years in the making. Michigan State won the only meeting 58-0 on Nov. 8, 1925 – so long ago that this series skipped the other 99 seasons in between.

What I’m watching

The biggest test is whether Michigan State can move the ball without living in third-and-long. That offense ranked No. 106 nationally at 5.4 yards each time it snapped the ball; Toledo's defense ranked No. 3 and allowed only 4.6. Only 2 starters from that offensive unit return, so the old ranking may not carry cleanly into 2026. Only 0 starters from that defensive unit return, so the old ranking may not carry cleanly into 2026. That is the matchup most likely to tilt field position.

Personnel snapshot

• Toledo: Mike Jacobs enters Year 1 as head coach. 1 starter returns—1 on offense and 0 on defense. A key offensive lineman back is Stephen Gales. That offense averaged 415.2 yards and 33.2 points per game last season.
• Toledo quarterback: John Alan Richter is projected to start for Toledo. Last season, he threw for 153 yards, 3 TD and 1 INT.
• Michigan State: Pat Fitzgerald enters Year 1 as head coach. 5 starters return—2 on offense and 3 on defense. Key defenders back include Ben Roberts, Isaac Smith, and Jordan Hall. That defense allowed 378.7 yards and 29.9 points per game last season.
• Michigan State quarterback: Alessio Milivojevic is projected to start for Michigan State. Last season, he threw for 1,267 yards, 10 TD and 3 INT.

Three quick analysis points

• The location wrinkle: Friday openers have become Michigan State's cheat code: 13-0 in Friday season openers since 2011, including 11-0 in Spartan Stadium. The Spartans have also won 25 straight nonconference home openers dating to 1999.
• The recent trend: Both sidelines are making a debut. Pat Fitzgerald coaches his first Michigan State game, while Mike Jacobs opens at Toledo after going 15-1 in the Southern Conference and winning two straight league titles at Mercer.
• A first real test at quarterback: John Alan Richter is expected to start for Toledo. Last year he threw for 153 yards, 3 TD and 1 INT; 4.0% of his throws were picked off. Michigan State returns 3 defensive starters and ranked No. 103 nationally at creating sacks and other disruptive plays, so this was not an overwhelming pressure mismatch last year. Toledo returns only one starting offensive lineman, raising the degree of difficulty.

How the game is decided

Michigan State needs easy offense: a short field, a quarterback run or a quick pass that breaks a tackle. If Toledo makes every drive travel the full field, its advantage should grow with each obvious passing down.

Prediction

I make my final predictions on TikTok, YouTube, Instagram and Facebook at @uthinkuknowsports.

Full disclosure: I use AI tools to format my research into an article encompassing all of the information.

Kickoff: Friday, September 4 at 7:00 PM CT
Location: David Booth Kansas Memorial Stadium
TV: ESPNU
DraftKings line (Aug. 30): KU -38.5
Over/under: 53.5

The setup

Kansas and LIU have never met. Lance Leipold is 5-0 in Kansas season openers and can become the school’s first coach since A.R. Kennedy from 1904-10 to start 6-0 in them.

What I’m watching

The thing to watch is how quickly Kansas’s rebuilt offense settles in. Kansas averaged 28.1 points per game last season and returns 2 offensive starters. Long Island allowed 18.8 points per game.

Personnel snapshot

• Long Island: Ron Cooper enters Year 5 as head coach.
• Long Island quarterback: Luca Stanzani is Long Island’s most experienced returning passer. Last season, he threw for 562 yards, 3 TD and 3 INT.
• Kansas: Lance Leipold enters Year 6 as head coach. 6 starters return—2 on offense and 4 on defense. Key defenders back include Trey Lathan, Austin Alexander, and Taylor Davis. That defense allowed 387.2 yards and 29.4 points per game last season.
• Kansas quarterback: Isaiah Marshall, who took 32 snaps at quarterback last year, will start for the Jayhawks. He was used mostly as a runner in 2025.

Three quick analysis points

• The opener trend: LIU already played on Aug. 27, losing 42-21 at North Dakota, while Kansas is opening fresh. The Sharks own live reps; the Jayhawks own eight extra recovery days.
• The roster reset: Kansas added 32 transfers who logged nearly 10,000 snaps last year, plus 27 high-school recruits. It also returns 54 players with more than 8,500 snaps, creating a roster that is new without being inexperienced.
• A first real test at quarterback: Long Island finished last season with 19 sacks. Can the Sharks get any pressure on Marshall in his first career start?

How the game is decided

Kansas’s first job is avoiding three-and-outs while the new offensive pieces settle in. Long Island must turn every early stop into field position or points; empty possessions will eventually let the home team’s size and depth take over.

Prediction

I make my final predictions on TikTok, YouTube, Instagram and Facebook at @uthinkuknowsports.

 

Full disclosure: I use AI tools to format my research into an article encompassing all of the information.

Kickoff: Friday, September 4 at 6:00 PM CT
Location: Center Parc Stadium
TV: ESPN+
DraftKings line (Aug. 30): GAST -28.5
Over/under: 63.5

The setup

Georgia State is expected to win comfortably as a 28.5-point favorite. A win is expected; how quickly it takes control may tell us more about what comes next. North Carolina A&T has lost 7 straight season openers.

What I’m watching

The thing to watch is how quickly Georgia State's rebuilt offense settles in. Georgia State averaged 19.8 points per game last season and returns 3 offensive starters. North Carolina A&T allowed 43.6 points per game. North Carolina A&T does not need to match the home team's depth; it needs to force a few early punts and keep the number of possessions down.

Personnel snapshot

• North Carolina A&T: Shawn Gibbs enters Year 2 as head coach.
• North Carolina A&T quarterback: Champ Long is North Carolina A&T's most experienced returning passer. Last season, he threw for 67 yards, 0 TD and 1 INT.
• Georgia State: Dell McGee enters Year 3 as head coach. 5 starters return—3 on offense and 2 on defense. Key offensive linemen back include Deandre Duffus and Donovan Funsch. That offense averaged 378.2 yards and 19.8 points per game last season.
• Georgia State quarterback: Cameran Brown is projected to start for Georgia State. Last season, he threw for 1,296 yards, 13 TD and 1 INT.

Three quick analysis points

• The easiest path for Georgia State's offense: Georgia State allowed a disruptive play on 11.1% of its snaps, No. 34 nationally. North Carolina A&T allowed 43.6 points per game at the FCS level last season. That is the part of the offense Georgia State can use to establish control before depth becomes the larger advantage. Georgia State kept the same head coach and OC, with 3 offensive starters returning.
• The underdog's opening against Georgia State: Georgia State's defense allowed 8.42 yards per pass play, No. 129 nationally. North Carolina A&T scored 20.5 points per game at the FCS level last season. This is the one area North Carolina A&T should test immediately. One successful early drive could turn a depth mismatch into a pressure game for a quarter or two. Georgia State changed its defensive leadership and returns 2 starters on that side, so last year's number is a warning or opportunity—not a guarantee.
• A first real test at quarterback: Champ Long is North Carolina A&T's most experienced returning passer. Last year he threw for 67 yards, 0 TD and 1 INT; 6.2% of his throws were picked off. Georgia State returns 2 defensive starters and ranked only No. 127 nationally at creating sacks and other disruptive plays, giving Champ Long a chance to settle in. North Carolina A&T returns no listed starting offensive linemen, making protection the immediate question.

How the game is decided

Georgia State's first job is avoiding three-and-outs while the new offensive pieces settle in. North Carolina A&T must turn every early stop into field position or points; empty possessions will eventually let the home team's size and depth take over.

Prediction

I make my final predictions on TikTok, YouTube, Instagram and Facebook at @uthinkuknowsports.

Full disclosure: I use AI tools to format my research into an article encompassing all of the information.

Kickoff: Friday, September 4 at 6:00 PM CT
Location: Ross-Ade Stadium
TV: BTN
DraftKings line (Aug. 30): PUR -35.5
Over/under: 56.5

The setup

Purdue is 7-0 against Indiana State and has outscored the Sycamores 302-76. The last two meetings were 56-0 and 49-0 – this series has recently looked more like a software update than a rivalry.

What I’m watching

The thing to watch is how quickly Purdue's rebuilt offense settles in. Purdue averaged 18.8 points per game last season and returns 3 offensive starters. Indiana State allowed 40.3 points per game. Indiana State does not need to match the home team's depth; it needs to force a few early punts and keep the number of possessions down.

Personnel snapshot

• Indiana State: Curt Mallory enters Year 10 as head coach.
• Indiana State quarterback: Brock Riddle is Indiana State's most experienced returning passer. Last season, he threw for 320 yards, 3 TD and 3 INT.
• Purdue: Barry Odom enters Year 2 as head coach. 7 starters return—3 on offense and 4 on defense. Key defenders back include Ian Jeffries, CJ Madden, and Charles Correa. That defense allowed 423.5 yards and 31.8 points per game last season.
• Purdue quarterback: Ryan Browne returns as Purdue's starting quarterback. Last season, he threw for 2,153 yards, 9 TD and 10 INT.

Three quick analysis points

• The scoring trend: Purdue is the only FBS team that shut out its season-opening opponent in both 2024 and 2025. One of those blanks was Indiana State, so the Sycamores are trying to end two streaks with one touchdown.
• The roster reset: The Boilermakers went from 82 newcomers last season to 32 portal additions this offseason. The name-tag budget dropped by 50 players, a quiet continuity win for a team still rebuilding.
• The quarterback angle: Ryan Browne was one of only 20 players nationally – and 10 quarterbacks – with a passing, rushing and receiving touchdown last year. Purdue's quarterback has already completed football's weirdest hat trick.

How the game is decided

Purdue's first job is avoiding three-and-outs while the new offensive pieces settle in. Indiana State must turn every early stop into field position or points; empty possessions will eventually let the home team's size and depth take over.

Prediction

I make my final predictions on TikTok, YouTube, Instagram and Facebook at @uthinkuknowsports.

Full disclosure: I use AI tools to format my research into an article encompassing all of the information.

Kickoff: Friday, September 4 at 5:30 PM CT
Location: Rynearson Stadium
TV: ESPN+
DraftKings line (Aug. 30): EMU -3.5
Over/under: 54.5

The setup

Eastern Michigan held Sacramento State to 34 total yards in the first half of its opener. San José State is not guessing whether the Eagles can start fast; it just watched them erase an offense before halftime.

What I’m watching

The clearest matchup edge belongs to San José State’s offense. It ranked No. 26 nationally at 6.5 yards each time it snapped the ball, while Eastern Michigan ranked No. 104 defensively and allowed 6.4. Only 2 starters from that offensive unit return, so the old ranking may not carry cleanly into 2026. Four starters from that defensive unit return. If San José State is getting easy yards on first down, Eastern Michigan will spend the game reacting.

Personnel snapshot

• San José State: Ken Niumatalolo enters Year 3 as head coach. 2 starters return—2 on offense and 0 on defense. Key offensive linemen back include Tyler Chen and Joseph Harbert. That offense averaged 402.3 yards and 21.4 points per game last season.
• San José State quarterback: Luke Weaver is projected to start for San José State. Last season at Hawai’i, he threw for 600 yards, 5 TD and 3 INT.
• Eastern Michigan: Chris Creighton enters Year 13 as head coach. 9 starters return—5 on offense and 4 on defense. That offense averaged 377.3 yards and 24.1 points per game last season.
• Eastern Michigan quarterback: Noah Kim returns as Eastern Michigan’s starting quarterback. Last season, he threw for 2,817 yards, 18 TD and 11 INT.

Three quick analysis points

• The running-game test: EMU back Braydon Bennett needs 11 rushing yards for 2,000 in his career. The milestone is almost a rounding error, which makes his first touch count feel unusually loud.
• The roster reset: San José State returns only two players who started six games on offense and one on defense, with 48 newcomers. Eastern already played and won; the Spartans are still handing out introductions on their second road trip.
• New quarterback, immediate test: Luke Weaver transferred from Hawai’i and is expected to make his second start for San José State. Last year he threw for 600 yards, 5 TD and 3 INT; 2.9% of his throws were picked off. Eastern Michigan returns 4 defensive starters and ranked only No. 132 nationally at creating sacks and other disruptive plays, giving Weaver a chance to settle in. Getting the ball out before obvious passing downs will be central to the game plan.

How the game is decided

Eastern Michigan has to win first down and force San José State to earn its yards in longer situations. If San José State can run its normal offense without facing third-and-long, the statistical edge should keep showing up. A turnover or special-teams mistake is the defense’s best way to flip it.

Prediction

I make my final predictions on TikTok, YouTube, Instagram and Facebook at @uthinkuknowsports.

Full disclosure: I use AI tools to format my research into an article encompassing all of the information.

Location: Rice-Eccles Stadium — Salt Lake City, Utah
Kickoff: Thursday, September 3 at 9 p.m. ET on ESPNU
DraftKings line (Aug. 30): Utah -33.5
Over/under: 56.5

The Setup

Utah leads the series 14-12-2, but it has not beaten Idaho since 1964. The Vandals won the last meeting in 1993, so a 33-point underdog is technically defending a 33-year streak.

What I’m Watching

The central question is how quickly Utah’s rebuilt offense settles in. The Utes averaged 43.6 points per game last season but return only two offensive starters. Idaho does not need to match Utah’s depth; it needs to force early punts and keep the number of possessions down.

Personnel Snapshot

Idaho: Thomas Ford enters Year 2 as head coach.

Idaho quarterback: Norfolk State transfer Israel Carter is the most experienced option after throwing for 132 yards and one interception last season.

Utah: Morgan Scalley enters Year 1 with five returning starters—two on offense and three on defense. The defense allowed 359.0 yards and 18.9 points per game.

Utah quarterback: Devon Dampier returns after throwing for 2,180 yards, 22 touchdowns and five interceptions.

Three Quick Analysis Points

1. The rushing test: Utah averaged 266.3 rushing yards per game, second nationally, and allowed only 1.08 sacks per game, ninth. Idaho arrives four days after allowing 38 points in a loss to Cal Poly.

2. The quarterback run threat: Dampier produced 34 touchdowns in 12 games, including 10 on the ground. Backup Byrd Ficklin also ran for 10 scores, so Idaho must account for the quarterback before worrying about the running backs.

3. The scoring trend: Utah scored 41.2 points per game, fourth nationally, and won six times by at least 30. Idaho has already seen a game get away from it this season; now it must prevent another avalanche at altitude.

How the Game Is Decided

Utah’s first job is avoiding three-and-outs while its new offensive pieces settle in. Idaho must turn every early stop into field position or points; empty possessions will eventually let the Utes’ size and depth take over.

Prediction

I make my final predictions on TikTok, YouTube, Instagram and Facebook at @uthinkuknowsports.

Full disclosure: I use AI tools to format my research into an article encompassing all of the information.